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Vim Cheatsheet

Extensive collection of vim basic to advanced Vim commands and plugins to enhance your vim text editing and coding experiences.

Posted Updated
By Daniel Florido
22 min read

The power of Vim lies in its simplicity & customisation. You can customise Vim they way you need it. For your work requirements. That could mean keeping it super simple and just relying on a few commands, or it could mean loading in a tonne of plugins and configuring each one to behave as you want. Ive tried some really sophisticated vim configs, that were wonderously powerful and worked great until something broke. What i learnt was, it’s a lot more fun installing a new config then it is to fix one that you dont know much about. That is why this article aims to keep a simple Vim config. One that is as simple as Vim gets. And if it breaks it should be pretty simple to fix.

Furthermore article is also a vim cheatsheet, As there is simply too many Vim commands to store in my simple brain, its an affective strategy to keep a Vim Cheatsheet.

VIM Modes

Vim has several modes, each designed for a specific purpose. Here’s a breakdown of the main modes in Vim:

Normal Mode

  • Default mode when you open Vim.
  • Used for navigating and making simple edits (e.g., deleting, copying, pasting text).
  • Press Esc to return to Normal Mode from other modes.

Insert Mode

  • For entering and editing text.
  • To enter Insert Mode, press i, I, a, A, o, or O.
  • Press iEsc to exit Insert Mode and return to Normal Mode.

Troubleshooting If Vim is stuck in insert mode ctrl [ to exit.

Visual Mode

  • Used to select text.
  • Enter by pressing v for character selection, V for line selection, or Ctrl+v for block (or column) selection.
  • Once selected, you can perform commands (like delete, copy, or change) on the selection.
  • Press Esc to exit Visual Mode.
  • Navigate in visual mode using j (down), k (up), h (right), l (left)

Easy way to remember the keys (j)ump down, (k)ite up, (h)ieve right, (l)eft

Replace Mode (i never use replace mode)

  • Similar to Insert Mode, but characters are replaced instead of inserted.
  • Enter by pressing R in Normal Mode.
  • Press Esc to return to Normal Mode.

Search and Replace

  1. Utilizes a regular expression for searching every occurrence of [pattern] and replaces it with [replacement] without asking for confirmation.
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   :%s/[pattern]/[replacement]/g

Now if your pattern contains forward slashes such as a https:// protocal you can use the # separator instead

This pattern is good for doing search and replace on an sql file.

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   :%s#[pattern]#[replacement]#g
  1. Same as the previous command but asks for confirmation before replacing each instance of [pattern] with [replacement].
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  :%s/[pattern]/[replacement]/gc
  1. Instead of replacing every single instance of [pattern] on your file, this Vim command will replace only those [pattern] that are in the current line with [replacement].
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   :s/[pattern]/[replacement]/g
  1. Select some text and go into to visual mode vim will put charaters in the prompt for you, then on the end of that put your search and replace
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s/[pattern]/[replacement]/

Buffers

Vim buffer editing is a basic vim operation and it goes hand in hand with editing Vim files.
Buffers Are stored in the vim memory, so opening a new file in vim is loading the file into a buffer. The cool thing is the old file you had up is also stored in a buffer and its still there waiting for you. You just need to run some simple vim commands or use a plugin to easily switch back and forth between the buffers.

What is a buffer?

When your editing files in Vim. Keep in mind that you’re editing the memory buffer of a file and not the actual file. This is just how vim works by default.

Open a new empty buffer

This will open a new empty buffer in a vertical split window.

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:new

Reload current buffer

` :e ` Reload the current document

Open a new empty buffer in a full tab without a split

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:enew

Refresh the current buffer

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:e

List Buffers

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:ls

Rename buffers

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:saveas new_filename

Renaming terminal buffers are a bit different, as the terminal is not a file.

However, you can rename a terminal buffer with the file command.

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:file new_name

Hide or close buffer

Without quitting the buffer. Close and Hide will not work if there is only 1 buffer open.

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:hide

Change buffer file type

It can be helpful to change the file type of the current buffer. For instance, if you have prettier installed and you have a lot of html mixed into a php file. You can use your html prettier in your php file by changing the file type from php to html.

Change the buffer filetype to html

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set ft=html

Check the current filetype

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set ft?

Delete all the open buffers

Before you save a session you want to make sure no unwanted buffers are saved in the session. If your buffer sessions are a mess and contain lots of unwanted buffers you can run:

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:bufdo bd!

Then open the buffers you want and save your session.

Delete All Buffers Except the Current One

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:bufdo if bufnr('%') != bufnr('#') | bd | endif

Sessions

Save Session

The :mksession command in Neovim is used to save the current session, which includes information about the state of your editing environment. This allows you to close Neovim and later restore your workspace exactly as it was when you saved it.

ensure your sessions directory exists if not you should create it.

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:mksession ~/.config/nvim/sessions/mysession.vim

If using Startify for session and buffer management, Startify will save sessions here ~/.local/share/nvim/session/sessionname

Restore Session

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:source mysession.vim

Ovewrite Session

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:mksession! mysession.vim

init.vim

If using regualar vim then you want to edit vimrc file. Init.vim is for Neovim and it lives in `~/.config/nvim/init.vim This is your neovim config file. You will be editing this a lot and this file is a work in progress.

  • add plugins
  • set default behaviour
  • Set Key Bindings

My init.vim sample

Note my <Leader> key has been mapped to my spacebar.

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syntax on
filetype on

" set leader key
let mapleader = "\<Space>"

"prettier
packloadall

let g:prettier#autoformat = 1
let g:prettier#autoformat_require_pragma = 0

"fix php on save
autocmd BufWritePost *.php silent! call PhpCsFixerFixFile()

" set defaults
syntax enable                           " Enables syntax highlighing
set ignorecase                          " ignorecase when searching
set foldenable
set hidden                              " Required to keep multiple buffers open multiple buffers
set nowrap                              " Display long lines as just one line
set encoding=utf-8                      " The encoding displayed
set pumheight=10                        " Makes popup menu smaller
set fileencoding=utf-8                  " The encoding written to file
set ruler              			            " Show the cursor position all the time
set cmdheight=2                         " More space for displaying messages
set iskeyword+=-                      	" treat dash separated words as a word text object"
set mouse=a                             " Enable your mouse
set splitbelow                          " Horizontal splits will automatically be below
set splitright                          " Vertical splits will automatically be to the right
set t_Co=256                            " Support 256 colors
set conceallevel=0                      " So that I can see `` in markdown files
set tabstop=2                           " Insert 2 spaces for a tab
set shiftwidth=3                        " Change the number of space characters inserted for indentation
set smarttab                            " Makes tabbing smarter will realize you have 2 vs 4
set expandtab                           " Converts tabs to spaces
set smartindent                         " Makes indenting smart
set autoindent                          " Good auto indent
set laststatus=0                        " Always display the status line
set nonumber                              " Line numbers
set cursorline                          " Enable highlighting of the current line
set background=dark                     " tell vim what the background color looks like
set showtabline=2                       " Always show tabs
set noshowmode                          " We don't need to see things like -- INSERT -- anymore
set nobackup                            " This is recommended by coc
set nowritebackup                       " This is recommended by coc
set updatetime=300                      " Faster completion
set timeoutlen=500                      " By default timeoutlen is 1000 ms
set formatoptions-=cro                  " Stop newline continution of comments
set clipboard=unnamedplus               " Copy paste between vim and everything else
"set autochdir                           " Your working directory will always be the same as your working directory
set showcmd

au! BufWritePost $MYVIMRC source %      " auto source when writing to init.vm alternatively you can run :source $MYVIMRC

" You can't stop me
cmap w!! w !sudo tee %

"no .swp files
set noswapfile

"set the current open file to be the current working dir
set autochdir

"auto make directory
augroup Mkdir
  autocmd!
  autocmd BufWritePre * call mkdir(expand("<afile>:p:h"), "p")
augroup END

" load neo vim snippets for twig
let g:neosnippet#snippets_directory='~/.vim/bundle/twig.vim/neosnippets'

" plugins
call plug#begin('~/.config/nvim/plugged')
Plug 'plasticboy/vim-markdown'
Plug 'honza/vim-snippets'
Plug 'SirVer/ultisnips'
Plug 'junegunn/fzf', { 'do': { -> fzf#install() } }
Plug 'junegunn/fzf.vim'
Plug 'NeogitOrg/neogit'
Plug 'nvim-lua/plenary.nvim'
Plug 'nvim-telescope/telescope.nvim'
Plug 'sindrets/diffview.nvim'
Plug 'sharkdp/bat'
Plug 'dandavison/delta'
Plug 'preservim/nerdtree'
Plug 'tpope/vim-obsession'
call plug#end()

" save / exit the file
nnoremap <Leader>w :write<CR>
noremap <Leader>q :exit<CR>

" mappings for fzf 
nnoremap <Leader>f :Files<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>h :History<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>sh :History/<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>ch :History:<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>S :Snippets<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>b :Buffers<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>C :Colors<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>c :Changes<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>ag :Ag<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>g :Neogit<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>gc :Neogit commit<CR>
noremap <Leader>gf :GFiles?<CR>

" ensure fzf is run from the current working directory
let g:fzf_files_command = 'find . -type f'


" tabs

noremap <Leader>t :tabnew<CR>
noremap <Leader>ts :tabs<CR>
noremap <Leader>tn :tabnext<CR>
noremap <Leader>tp :tabprev<CR>
noremap <Leader>tc :tabclose<CR>



" Nerdtree
noremap <leader>n :NERDTreeFocus<CR>
noremap <leader>nt :NERDTreeToggle<CR>
noremap <leader>nf :NERDTreeFind<CR>


" It can be helpful to add mappings to make moving in and out of a terminal easier once toggled, whilst still keeping it open.

tnoremap <C-h> <C-\><C-n><C-w>h
tnoremap <C-j> <C-\><C-n><C-w>j
tnoremap <C-k> <C-\><C-n><C-w>k
tnoremap <C-l> <C-\><C-n><C-w>l



" Function to find and load a session using fzf
function! FindSession()
  let session_dir = expand('~/.config/nvim/sessions')
  let session_file = fzf#run({'source': 'find ' . session_dir . ' -type f -name "*.vim"', 'sink': 'source'})
  if empty(session_file)
    echo "No session selected."
  endif
endfunction

" Sessions 
nnoremap <leader>s :call FindSession()<CR>

"save the session
command! SaveSession execute 'mksession! ~/.config/nvim/sessions/' . input('Session name: ') . '.vim'

Key Bindings

In Neovim, key bindings are set in your configuration file, which is typically located at:

  • Linux/macOS: ~/.config/nvim/init.vim or ~/.config/nvim/init.lua
  • Windows: C:\Users<YourUsername>\AppData\Local\nvim\init.vim or init.lua
  1. Using init.vim (Vimscript format):

You use the nnoremap, inoremap, vnoremap, etc., commands to map keys for different modes:

  • nnoremap - Normal mode
  • inoremap - Insert mode
  • vnoremap - Visual mode
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" Map <Leader>f to find a file using Telescope (normal mode)
nnoremap <Leader>f :Telescope find_files<CR>

" Save file with <Leader>s (normal mode)
nnoremap <Leader>s :w<CR>

" Exit insert mode with `jj` (insert mode)
inoremap jj <Esc>

" Copy selected text to system clipboard (visual mode)
vnoremap <Leader>y "+y

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-- Set leader key
vim.g.mapleader = " "  -- Space as the leader key

-- Normal mode: Find files with Telescope
vim.keymap.set("n", "<Leader>f", ":Telescope find_files<CR>")

-- Normal mode: Save file
vim.keymap.set("n", "<Leader>s", ":w<CR>")

-- Insert mode: Exit insert mode with `jj`
vim.keymap.set("i", "jj", "<Esc>")

-- Visual mode: Copy to system clipboard
vim.keymap.set("v", "<Leader>y", '"+y')

Understanding Key:

The key is a customizable prefix for your shortcuts. Define it once and reuse it for your mappings:

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In Vimscript: let mapleader = " "
In Lua: vim.g.mapleader = " "

By default, is \.

Plugins

Install plugins with vim-plug.

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:PlugInstall

Add your plugins to your vim init.vim file, which will live in .config/nvim/init.vim

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" plugins
call plug#begin('~/.config/nvim/plugged')
Plug 'plasticboy/vim-markdown'
Plug 'honza/vim-snippets'
Plug 'SirVer/ultisnips'
Plug 'junegunn/fzf', { 'do': { -> fzf#install() } }
Plug 'junegunn/fzf.vim'
Plug 'NeogitOrg/neogit'
Plug 'nvim-lua/plenary.nvim'
Plug 'nvim-telescope/telescope.nvim'
Plug 'sindrets/diffview.nvim'
Plug 'sharkdp/bat'
Plug 'dandavison/delta'
call plug#end()

NerdTree

Displays your directory file structure in a sidebar

delete files

  • open nerdTree
  • locate the file you want to delete by scrolling to it in the nerdtree panel
  • by first opening the menu with m
  • then press d

FZF

Fuzzy search for files, buffers, text strings.

Ensure your in the current working directory before search

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:cd %:p:h

or for a persistant fix add to your init.vim

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let g:fzf_files_command = 'find . -type f'

Commandline

You can run terminal commands from within Vim

To open a terminal window over the top of your current Vim buffer.

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:term

If your Runing a persistant command like npm watch to exit your terminal command. To exit run Ctrl-\ followed by Ctrl-n. Now you can load buffers or change sessions just as you would in Vim.

If your command has finished running

  • You need to get back into Vim insert mode with Shift I
  • you can exit the terminal with :exit

Macros

As a developer, we adopt the philosophy of dry. “do not repeat yourself”. This is what sparked my interest in Vim macros, as macros enable us to automate the repetitive process of certain tasks.

Vim macros allow you to repeat a set of keystrokes with the one keyboard shortcut.

Vim Macros allow you to repeat a set of commands of your choosing.

Vim macros are recordings of vim commands which you can easily repeat back.

The way it works, is you record all of commands and then you can play that recorded command back.

Create a macro

Start recording a new macro called “a”

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qa

End Recording / macro

to end a recording

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q

Run a Macro

To run a recording type

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@a

Execute a Macro multiple times

Repeat macro h 5 times

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5@h

Execute the last Macro multiple times

Repeat last macro 50 times

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50@@

See Vim Macros usage example of adding a dash before each line

img-description vim macros usage example

Macro notes:

  • These recordings are stored in registers.
  • The recordings will be cleared when you close your buffer.
  • The recordings do not persist from buffer to buffer.

Text Editing

Mastering Vim is the most efficient way for editing text files. Here are some critical Vim commands that will get you editing text efficiently with Vim.

Basic movement

h l k j character left, right; line up, down

b w word/token left, right

ge e end of word/token left, right

{ } beginning of previous, next paragraph

( ) beginning of previous, next sentence

0 gm beginning, middle of line

^ $ first, last character of line

nG ngg line n, default the last, first

n% percentage n of the file (n must be provided)

n| column n of current line

% match of next brace, bracket, comment, #define

nH nL line n from start, bottom of window

M middle line of window

% go to closing html tag

Increment and decrement numbers

In normal mode, typing Ctrl-A will increment the next number, and typing Ctrl-X will decrement the next number.

Insertion & replace → insert mode

i a Insert before, after cursor

I A insert at beginning, end of line

gI insert text in first column

o O open a new line below, above the current line

rc replace character under cursor with c

grc like r, but without affecting layout

R replace characters starting at the cursor

gR like R, but without affecting layout

cm change text of movement command m

cc or S change current line

C change to the end of line

s change one character and insert

~ switch case and advance cursor

g~m switch case of movement command m

gum gUm lowercase, uppercase text of movement m

<m >m shift left, right text of movement m

n<< n>> shift n lines left, right

Deletion

x X delete character under, before cursor

dm delete text of movement command m

dd D delete current line, to the end of line

J gJ join current line with next, without space

:rd↵ delete range r lines

:rdx↵ delete range r lines into register x

Insert mode

^Vc ^Vn insert char c literally, decimal value n

^A insert previously inserted text

^@ same as ^A and stop insert → command mode

^Rx ^R^Rx insert content of register x, literally

^N ^P text completion before, after cursor

^W delete word before cursor

^U delete all inserted character in current line

^D ^T shift left, right one shift width

^Kc1c2 or c1←c2 enter digraph \c1,c2\

^Oc execute c in temporary command mode

^X^E ^X^Y scroll up, down

<esc> or ^[ abandon edition → command mode

Copying

"x use register x for next delete, yank, put

:reg↵ show the content of all registers

:reg x↵ show the content of registers x

ym yank the text of movement command m

yy or Y yank current line into register

p P put register after, before cursor position

]p [p like p, P with indent adjusted

gp gP like p, P leaving cursor after new text

Visual mode

v V ^V start/stop highlighting characters, lines, block

o exchange cursor position with start of highlighting

gv start highlighting on previous visual area

aw as ap select a word, a sentence, a paragraph

ab aB select a block ( ), a block { }

v35G Select everything from the cursor up to line 35.

Undoing, repeating & registers

u U undo last command, restore last changed line

. ^R repeat last changes, redo last undo

n. repeat last changes with count replaced by n

qc qC record, append typed characters in register c

q stop recording

@c execute the content of register c

@@ repeat previous @ command

:@c↵ execute register c as an Ex command

:rg/p/c↵ execute Ex command c on range r where pattern p matches

Complex movement

- + line up, down on first non-blank character

B W space-separated word left, right

gE E end of space-separated word left, right

n_ down n-1 line on first non-blank character

g0 beginning of screen line

g^ g$ first, last character of screen line

gk gj screen line up, down

fc Fc next, previous occurence of character c

tc Tc before next, previous occurence of c

; , repeat last fFtT, in opposite direction

[[ ]] start of section backward, forward

[] ][ end of section backward, forward

[( ]) unclosed (, ) backward, forward

[{ ]} unclosed {, } backward, forward

[m ]m start of backward, forward Java method

[# ]# unclosed #if, #else, #endif backward, forward

[* ]* start, end of /* */ backward, forward

Marks and motions

mc mark current position with mark c ∈[a..Z]

c C go to mark c in current, C in any file

0..9 go to last exit position

[ ] go to start, end of previously operated text

:marks↵ print the active marks list

:jumps↵ print the jump list

n^O go to nth older position in jump list

n^I go to nth newer position in jump list

Key mapping & abbreviations

:map c e↵ map c ↦ e in normal & visual mode

:map! c e↵ map c ↦ e in insert & cmd-line mode

:unmap c↵ :unmap! c↵ remove mapping c

:mk f↵ write current mappings, settings… to file f

:ab c e↵ add abbreviation for c ↦ e

:ab c↵ show abbreviations starting with c

:una c↵ remove abbreviation c

Scrolling & multi-windowing

^E ^Y scroll line up, down

^D ^U scroll half a page up, down

^F ^B scroll page up, down

zt or z↵ set current line at top of window

zz or z. set current line at center of window

zb or z- set current line at bottom of window

zh zl scroll one character to the right, left

zH zL scroll half a screen to the right, left

^Ws or :split↵ split window in two

^Wn or :new↵ create new empty window

^Wo or :on↵ make current window one on screen

^Wj ^Wk move to window below, above

^Ww ^W^W move to window below, above (wrap)

Folding

zfm create fold of movement m

:rfo create fold for range r

zd zE delete fold at cursor, all in window

zo zc zO zC open, close one fold; recursively

[z ]z move to start, end of current open fold

zj zk move down, up to start, end of next fold

Miscellaneous

:sh↵ :!c↵ start shell, execute command c in shell

K lookup keyword under cursor with man

:make↵ start make, read errors and jump to first

:cn↵ :cp↵ display the next, previous error

:cl↵ :cf↵ list all errors, read errors from file

^L ^G redraw screen, show filename and position

g^G show cursor column, line, and character position

ga show ASCII value of character under cursor

gf open file which filename is under cursor

:redir>f↵ redirect output to file f

:mkview [f] save view configuration [to file f]

:loadview [f] load view configuration [from file f]

^@ ^K ^_ \ Fn ^Fn unmapped keys

Git Commands

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:vert diffsplit native.php

reload vimrc

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:source ~/.vimrc

Quickscope Plugin

To enhance your content or code editing experience the Quickscope plugin empowers you to move the cursor along your current line to any position. With just a couple of keystrokes.

Now to move to a specific character on a line. You dont need a plugin. But quickscope makes the native vim a little nicer.

I unofficially refer to f, F, t, T, ; and , as the character motions. They form your swiss army knife for moving across a line:

Why use Quickscope?

It will help you break the habit of holding down Vim keys to move back and forward along the line. This is inefficient. Even if you have sped up your vim cursor to move super fast. Quickscope is a faster to navigate your cursor across a page of text.

The three primary Quickscope commands.

  1. Find/Go forward
  2. Find/Go backward
  3. Repeat last motion

Go to a specific character

  • Hit f then the character you want to move to in the forward direction along your line
  • Hit F the the character you want to go to in the backwards direction along the line
  • Hit , to repeat the last Quickscope motion you performed.

Go before the character

  • In the forward direction t then the letter you want the cursor to go before
  • the backwards direction hit t then the lefter you want to go before.

Repeating motions

Repeating motions is common as often the character you want to move to is not the first occurrence on the line. Quickscope provides and easy way to repeat your forwards and backwards motions.

  • , repeats the last character motion in the opposite direction.
  • ; repeats the last character motion in the original direction.

Format PHP code

Install plugin

visit the repo for all the information

If you’re using neovim to edit php and you want the php to format itself then you will need some extra thing’s installed to make this work.

install squizlabs php code sniffer using composer into your project directory

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composer global require "squizlabs/php_codesniffer=\*"

visit the repo for all the information

In the Vim buffer, run the command to format the php. You should see some indenting happen.

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:Neoformat

PHP code will also auto format as you move code around the document. Please note Html auto formatting does not work.

Open large file

Opening SQL database dump files can often cause vim to freeze due to some plugin trying to format the file in someway. To get around this, Vim allows you to switch of the formatting upon opening the file.

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vim -u NONE large_file.txt
This post is licensed under CC BY 4.0 by the author.